The text below is taken directly from Appendix 1 in 
Hassler, J., P. Lundvik, T. Persson, and P. Soderlind (1992), The Swedish business cycle: stylized facts over 130 years, Monograph Series, 21, Institute for International Economic Studies, Stockholm University, 
and has been kindly provided by John Hassler.
For the full list of references, see Hassler et al (1992).

- - -



                                 Appendix  1
 
                       Data  Sources  and  Definitions
 
 
      This  appendix  gives  exact  sources  for  our  data  and  exact
      definitions of the variables in our study.
 
      GDP Deflator (Py)
      Nominal GDP/Output defined as below.
 
      Inflation (Inf)
      First differences of logarithms of the GDP Deflator.
 
      Nominal GDP (Ynom)
      GDP in current factor prices
 
      Sources:
      1861-1949      Krantz and Nilsson (1975), Table 1.2 col 4
      1950-1969      Statistics Sweden, N10 SM8901, Appendix 2-3, Table
                     3.1, GDP in factor values.
      1970-1988      Statistics  Sweden , N10  SM8901, Table H1, GDP in
                     factor values.
 
      Money Stock (M2)
      Central  Bank and  private bank  (until 1903)  notes held  by the
      public plus demand and time deposits at Commercial Banks
 
      Sources:
      1871-1971      Jonung (1975), Appendix A.
      1972-1988      Statistical Yearbook, Central Bank of Sweden.
 
      Real Money Stock (M2/Py)
      Money Stock divided by the GDP deflator.
 
      Discount Rate (R)
      Central Bank Discount Rate
 
      Source:
      1861-1988      Statistical Yearbook, Central Bank of Sweden.
 
      Interest rate (R2)
      Lowest  offered interest  rate for  loans at  the commercial bank
      Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken and its ancestors.
 
      Sources:
      1867-1911      Sammandrag  av  solidariska enskilda  bankers samt
                     aktiebankernas       och       kreditaktiebolagens
                     uppgifter,quarterly     publication,    Statistics
                     Sweden.
      1912-1967      Statistiska  meddelanden  serie  E,  Uppgifter  om
                     bankerna, monthly publication, Statistics Sweden.
      1968-1983      Bankerna, monthly publication, Statistics Sweden.
      1984-1986      Affarsbankerna,  monthly  publication,  Statistics
                     Sweden.
      1987-1988      Approximate  figure  given  by  Sven  Lindstrom at
                     SE-banken. Rates decided upon locally.
 
      Real Discount Rate (R-Inf)
      Official Discount Rate minus inflation.
 
      Real Interest Rate (R2-Inf)
      Interest Rate minus inflation.
 
      GDP (Y)
      Gross Domestic Product in 1985 fixed factor values. From 1950 GDP
      at current factor values is deflated by the implicit deflator for
      GDP at market values.
 
      Sources:
      1861-1949      Krantz and Nilsson (1975), Table 3.1
      1950-1979      Statistics   Sweden,  N10  SM8901,  Appendix  2-3,
                     Tables 3.1 and 3.2
      1980-1988      Statistics Sweden, N10 SM8901, Tables H:1 and H:2
 
      Private Consumption (C)
      Private consumption of goods and services at fixed 1985 prices.
 
      Sources:
      1861-1949      Krantz and Nilsson (1975), Table 2.3.1.
      1950-1979      Statistics Sweden, N10 SM8901, Appendix 2-3, Table
                     3:2
      1980-1988      Statistics Sweden, N10 SM8901, H2.
 
      Public Consumption (G)
      Public   consumption   of   goods   and   services,   state   and
      municipalities deflated with the GDP deflator.
 
      Sources:
      1861-1949      Krantz and Nilsson (1975), Table 1.1.
      1950-1979      Statistics Sweden, N10 SM8901, Appendix 2-3, Table
                     3:1
      1980-1988      Statistics Sweden, N10 SM8901, H1.
 
      Investments (I)
      Gross domestic capital formation in fixed 1985 prices.
 
      Sources:
      1861-1949      Krantz and Nilsson (1975), Table 2.2.1.
      1950-1979      Statistics Sweden, N10 SM8901, Appendix 2-3, Table
                     3:2, row 5.
      1980-1988      Statistics Sweden, N10 SM8901, Table H2.
 
      Exports (X)
      Exports of goods and services in fixed 1985 prices.
 
      Sources:
      1861-1949      Johansson (1967), Table 50 col.14
      1950-1979      Statistics  Sweden,  N10  SM  8901,  Appendix 2-3,
                     Table 3:2
      1980-1988      Statistics Sweden, N10 SM 8901, Table H2
 
      Imports (M)
      Imports of goods and services in fixed 1985 prices.
 
      Sources:
      1861-1949      Johansson (1967), Table 52 col.14
      1950-1979      Statistics  Sweden,  N10  SM  8901,  Appendix 2-3,
                     Table 3:2
      1980-1988      Statistics Sweden, N10 SM 8901, Table H2
 
      Relative Price Private Consumption (Pc/Py)
      Private   consumption  at  current   prices  divided  by  Private
      consumption at fixed prices and the GDP deflator
 
      Sources for private consumption at current prices:
      1861-1949      Krantz and Nilsson (1975), Table 1.1
      1950-1979      Statistics Sweden, N10 SM8901, Appendix 2-3, Table
                     3:1
      1980-1988      Statistics Sweden, N10 SM8901, H1.
 
      Relative Price Investments (Pi/Py)
      Gross  fixed capital formation at current prices divided by gross
      fixed capital formation at fixed prices and the GDP deflator
 
      Sources for fixed capital formation at current prices:
      1861-1949      Krantz and Nilsson (1975), Table 1.1
      1950-1979      Statistics Sweden, N10 SM8901, Appendix 2-3, Table
                     3:1
      1980-1988      Statistics Sweden, N10 SM8901, H1.
 
      Relative Export Prices (Px/Py)
      Exports  of goods and services at current prices divided by gross
      exports at fixed prices and the GDP deflator.
 
      Sources for exports at current prices:
      1861-1949      Johansson (1967), Table 49 col.14
      1950-1979      Statistics  Sweden,  N10  SM  8901,  Appendix 2-3,
                     Table 3:1
      1980-1988      Statistics Sweden, N10 SM 8901, Table H:1
 
      Relative Import Prices (Px/Py)
      Imports  of goods and services at current prices divided by gross
      imports at fixed prices and the GDP deflator.
 
      Sources for imports at current prices:
      1861-1949      Johansson (1967), Table 51 col.14
      1950-1979      Statistics  Sweden,  N10  SM  8901,  Appendix 2-3,
                     Table 3:1
      1980-1988      Statistics Sweden, N10 SM 8901, Table H:1
 
      Manufacturing Production (Yman)
      Value  added in manufacturing  and mining in  fixed 1985 producer
      prices.
 
      Sources:
      1861-1949      Krantz and Nilsson (1975), Table 3.2.1
      1950-1962      Statistics Sweden, SM N 1975:98, Table 2A
      1963-1969      Statistics  Sweden,  SM  N  1981:2.5,  Appendix 4,
                     Table 2A
      1970-1988      Statistics Sweden, N10 SM8901, Table H:4
 
      Relative Price Manufacturing Production (Pman/Py)
      Value  added  in  manufacturing and  mining  at  current producer
      prices  divided by value  added in fixed  producer prices and the
      GDP deflator.
 
      Sources for value added in current producer prices :
      1861-1949      Krantz and Nilsson (1975), Table 1.3
      1950-1962      Statistics Sweden, SM N 1975:98, Table 1A
      1963-1969      Statistics  Sweden,  SM  N  1981:2.5,  Appendix 4,
                     Table 1A
      1970-1988      Statistics Sweden, N10 SM8901, Table H:3
 
      Wage rate
      Wage  in current SEK  per 100 hours  for workers in manufacturing
      and mining.
 
      Sources:
      1861-1913      Bagge  et  al.  (1935), Table  26,  Column "Social
                     Science Institute"
      1914-1919      Bagge  et  al.  (1935), Table  26,  Column "Social
                     Board"
      1920-1929      Statistics  Sweden,  Lonestatistisk  Arsbok  1929,
                     Table 8
      1930-1934      Statistics  Sweden,  Lonestatistisk  Arsbok  1938,
                     Table 24
      1935-1938      Statistics  Sweden,  Lonestatistisk  Arsbok  1940,
                     Table 28
      1939-1984      Statistics Sweden, Loner 1984, p 58, Table D
      1985-1986      Statistics  Sweden, Loner  och sysselsattning inom
                     privat sektor 1988,  p 44, Table D
 
      Real Wage (W/Pman)
      Wage rate deflated with manufacturing prices.
 
      Real Consumer Wage (W/Pc)
      Wage rate deflated with private consumption prices.
 
      Wage Cost (Wc)
      Total wage bill in current values to workers in manufacturing and
      mining divided by total number of hours worked by workers.
 
      Source for total wage bill:
      1870-1949      Jungenfelt (1966), p 122 col 5.
      1950-1962      Statistics  Sweden,  Nr  N  1975:98,  Appendix 98,
                     Table 4AA
      1963-1969      Statistics  Sweden,  Nr  N  1978:8.4,  Appendix 5,
                     Table 14.
      1970-1979      Statistics  Sweden, N10 SM8601,  Appendix 5, Table
                     5:11
      1980-1988      Statistics  Sweden, N10  SM8901, Appendix 5, Table
                     5:11
 
      Real Wage Cost (Wc/Pman)
      Wage cost deflated by manufacturing prices.
 
      Worked Hours in Manufacturing (H)
      Total  number of worked  hours by employees  in manufacturing and
      mining.  Between 1870 and 1949 constructed by dividing total wage
      bill (see wage cost) and wage rate defined as above. Between 1950
      and 1959 hours by entrepreneurs ("foretagare") is included.
 
      Sources:
      1950-1959      Statistics Sweden, Nr N 1975:98, Appendix 5, Table
                     98
      1960-1962      Statistics Sweden, Nr N 1975:98, Appendix 5, Table
                     92
      1963-1969      Statistics  Sweden, N 1978:8.4,  Appendix 5, Table
                     92
      1970-1979      Statistics  Sweden, N10  SM8601, Appendix 5, Table
                     5:8
      1980-1988      Statistics  Sweden, N10 SM8901,  Appendix 5, Table
                     5:8
 
      Workers (N)
      Average number of workers in manufacturing and mining.
 
      Sources:
      1861-1919      Bagge et al. (1935), Table 187
      1920-1986      Industri,       yearly       publication      from
                     Kommerskollegium, later Statistics Sweden. Workers
                     ("arbetare  and  "ovriga arbetare")  in industrial
                     groups   1-8,   1952-1986   groups  1-11   due  to
                     reclassification.
 
      Hours per Worker
      Worked  hours  in  manufacturing and  mining  divided  by average
      number of workers.
 
      Productivity (Pr)
      Labor  productivity in  manufacturing and mining.  Value added in
      manufacturing and mining in fixed 1985 producer prices divided by
      total number of worked hours.
 
      Wage share (Wshare)
      Total  wage  bill  (see  wage cost)  divided  by  value  added in
      manufacturing and mining in current prices.
 
      Unemployment (U)
      Yearly  average of  number of unemployed reported to unemployment
      insurance. ("Arbetsloshetskassor")
 
      Sources:
      1911-1956      Silenstam (1970)
      1956-1969      Historical   Statistics,  Arbetsmarknadsstyrelsen,
                     Swedish Labor Market Board.
      1970-1988      Arbetsmarknadsstyrelsen,   Swedish   Labor  Market
                     Board.
 
      Current Account (CA)
      Current Account in current values.
 
      Sources:
      1871-1949      Ohlsson (1969), Table B:1
      1950-1962      Statistics Sweden, N 1975:98, Appendix 3, Table 5
      1963-1969      Statistics Sweden, N 1981:2.5
      1970-1974      Statistics Sweden, N10 SM8601
      1975-1988      Statistics Sweden, N10 SM8901, Table VIII,row 8
 
      Net Exports (Nx)
      Exports minus imports deflated with GDP deflator.
 
      Terms of Trade (Tot)
      Relative export price divided by relative import price.
 
      Foreign Demand (Fy)
      Aggregated weighted GDP in Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, (West)
      Germany, France and United States. Weights calculated as follows:
      Unfiltered weights are defined as:
 
                           alfa   =  w X / Y Px
                               i      i     i
      where  subscript     denotes the  countries  mentioned  above. w
      denotes  the share  of Swedish  exports going  to country  i,  Y
                                                                      i
      real  GDP in  country i  and   Px   is  export prices.  For years
      without  observations on  w , linerar interpolations  are made. A
                                 i
      Whittaker-Hendersson                                       filter
      with  lambda=6400 is  then applied  to alfa   and the  trend component
                                                 i
      alfabar  (normalized to sum to one) is used as the weight so that:
             i
 
 
             Fy  =  Sum alfabar Y
                               i i
 
      Source for w :
                  i
      1871-1964      Ohlsson (1969), Table B:9
      1965-1988      Statistisk Arsbok, Statistics Sweden
 
      Output Great Britain (Uk)
      GDP of Great Britain in fixed values.
 
      Sources:
      1870-1949      Maddison (1982), Table A6-A8
      1950-1985      Summers and Heston (1988)
      1986-1988      OECD, National Accounts
 
      Output Denmark (Dk)
           As for Uk.
 
      Output Norway (No)
           As for Uk.
 
      Output Germany (Ge)
           As for Uk.
 
      Output France (Fr)
           As for Uk.
 
      Output United States (Us)
           As for Uk.
 
 
